Spatio-temporal series of monthly temperature and precipitation and 17 derived bioclimatic variables covering the last 5 Ma (Pliocene–Pleistocene), at intervals of 1,000 years, and a spatial resolution of 1 arc-degrees (see Barreto et al., 2023 for details).
Details
PALEO-PGEM-Series is downscaled to 1 × 1 arc-degrees spatial resolution from the outputs of the PALEO-PGEM emulator (Holden et al., 2019), which emulates reasonable and extensively validated global estimates of monthly temperature and precipitation for the Plio-Pleistocene every 1 kyr at a spatial resolution of ~5 × 5 arc-degrees (Holden et al., 2016, 2019).
PALEO-PGEM-Series includes the mean and the standard deviation (i.e., standard error) of the emulated climate over 10 stochastic GCM emulations to accommodate aspects of model uncertainty. This allows users to estimate the robustness of their results in the face of the stochastic aspects of the emulations. For more details, see Section 2.4 in Barreto et al. (2023).
Note that this is a very large dataset, with 5001 time slices. It takes approximately 1 minute to set up each variable when creating a region_slice or region_series. However, once the object has been created, other operations tend to be much faster (especially if you subset the dataset to a small number of time steps of interest).
If you use this dataset, make sure to cite the original publications:
Barreto, E., Holden, P. B., Edwards, N. R., & Rangel, T. F. (2023). PALEO-PGEM-Series: A spatial time series of the global climate over the last 5 million years (Plio-Pleistocene). Global Ecology and Biogeography, 32, 1034-1045, doi:10.1111/geb.13683
Holden, P. B., Edwards, N. R., Rangel, T. F., Pereira, E. B., Tran, G. T., and Wilkinson, R. D. (2019): PALEO-PGEM v1.0: a statistical emulator of Pliocene–Pleistocene climate, Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 5137–5155, doi:10.5194/gmd-12-5137-2019 .